The city of Banda Aceh lines the banks of the Krueng Aceh river. Most of the sights, both ancient and modern, are to the west and south of the river. North and east of the river is more the commercial heart of the city, where you'll find most of the pleasant coffee shops and restaurants, as well as the main fresh market.
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A typical tour of the main sights might start in front of the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque, and then proceed south to the Tsunami Museum. If interested, you can take in the old Dutch cemetery and the Indonesian Airlines monument before crossing the busy street to see the Gunongan and Princess Phang Park. Finish up your tour at the Aceh Museum. Time permitting, you may wish to take a stroll through Pasar Aceh behind the Grand Mosque.
While you can walk between all of the above sights, two other tsunami curiosities that have become attractions will require some form of transportation: The fishing boat that landed on a house is east of the river, north of downtown, while the floating electrical power generator that was carried inland is due east of the city.